So... I think this should be root caused before putting it back together. Because it's odd (I've never seen anything like this... but I'm not a 2.9L expert).
So if the crank gear looks like this...
View attachment 125036
... and that key fits into a keyway in the crank... between the time the balancer was removed and timing cover resealed... that gear key slid out of keyway and "jumped" time. Then the balancer got retorqued. When the engine was then cranked... the gear broke (which the OP noted a bad sound during initial attempt to start). Now the crank gear spins on the crank and doesn't turn the cam or distributor.
Seems plausible.
I would ensure the cam rotates smoothly on its own... and distributor turns when the cam is turned. Also... fish out the broken pieces of crank gear from the pan. A flexible magnet should get to it.
I also would ensure first that when the crank is rotated with the broken gear and chain still in place... the cam sits stationary. That would prove the above theory.