You would have to live a long time for the iron block to dissolve. There are still engines made over 100 years ago that are intact. Back then water was the coolant, with either draining overnight, or possibly some alcohol added to the water to inhibit freezing.
To know how much to add, you would have to know the capacity of the system, and the current percentage of antifreeze/water. No other way. Even if you impute the capacity, you are working from not knowing how much the gallon added lowered the freeze point. What was the previous low? If you did not know that, you do not know how much 1 gallon lowered the freeze point, so you don't know how much to add to lower it further.
You could get closer by draining the system completely into a container, adding some 100% to that mix, measuring protection, and then adding more as needed. Sneak up on it, and then throw the mix back into the cooling system. But, again, the remainder in the block and heater core will muddle the results, giving an imperfect 50:50 mix. Impossible, no, but not worth it, IMO.
The alternative is to drain some out, and add some 100%. Let it run for a while & test.
I do not see how to know how much to add, as you don't know the volume now. If you just guess based on the table on the anti-freeze container, you should come close.
tom