MAP stands for manifold absolute pressure.
This sensors gives information to the Engine computer so it can meter the fuel injectors.
Fuel injected engines need some way to determine the most efficient amount of fuel to add to the available air flow, that's what the MAP does, tells the ECU the air volume pressure.
Carburetors used "jets", as air passed by the jets fuel was sucked in to the manifold, the wider open the throttle the more air so more fuel was pulled in.
The MAP sensors isn't the only sensor used for fuel mix, engine temp and air temp is important as well.
MAF stands for mass airflow, this is a similar sensor to the MAP, a manufacturer usually will use one or the other, but both can be used