Unfortunately, the only easy swap that would make sense is a manual transmission like the M4OD from a 4.0L Ranger.
That said, I'm guessing you want to stay auto and you already said you want a V8 swap? If so, get your C3 rebuilt and don't worry about what might be compatible with a later swap. Save the money wou would have spent on swapping transmissions now and put it towards a better package for the swap.
Physically bolting it in being the requirement, an A4LD, 4R55, or 5R55 Ranger transmission from a 2.9L or 4.0L would be easy swap. Problem with those is they are st least partially electronically controlled so you would need to buy and install a transmission controller which adds a fair bit to both cost and complexity.
Yes, you can use the C4 behind your 2.8L with the right combination of parts and it will work behind a 302, but you don't want to limit the engine swap with that transmission. Also according to the tech library there is a limited selection of bellhousing that can be used for the swap, and it does not include the C3 as a source. Even if you collected the parts to do the swap, you would stil need to get the transmission rebuilt due to age and wear (unless you buy remaned for big $$$$). You would be much better served by something like a AOD, AODE, or 4R70W (same basic transmission, E adds electronics, and 4R add even more) with the 5.0L depending on how you are feeding it.
You can probably source an entire Explorer for the 5.0L and 4R70W for what it would cost to collect parts and swap the C4 behind your 2.8L. Especially after you part and/or scrap the donor vehicle. With some rewiring, a 96-97 Explorer would be an idea donor for your year Ranger keeping the EFI system. If you wanted to go carb, you could use any year Explorer with an intake change and adding a distributor, but you'd need a controller if you wanted to use the 4R70W (which I would recommend). Lots of other ways that swap could be worked, but the Explorer 5.0L is highly recommended starting point because that engine acessory package is the best fit in a Ranger engine bay.
That's my 2 cents.