Ok. While I was absorbed in my thoughts, you updated a little bit. What you will see below can be modified “on-the-fly” to suit actual conditions or changes you decide to make. But between this and the book you have plus asking more questions as needed, you have what you need to get started. You can use either PVC or EMT conduit to protect wires coming down the wall to switches or outlets. Technically, there should be a cable clamp where the romex enters the top of the conduit. I would argue that a staple within 12” should be sufficient strain relief in lieu of a clamp at those locations since your work is not getting inspected. Do not pound staples too tight anywhere. It is easy to pinch the cable tight enough to break the insulation and short the conductors together. I have earned money repairing that for people. With the staple in place, you should be able to wiggle the wire slightly under it.
You can arrange your circuits in the breaker panel any way you want. I just came up with a plan so I could identify circuits on the drawings. You can also divide the outlets among the circuits differently if you want. There are ways to do it that will use less cable. When it comes to outlets in a shop, I alternate circuits going around the room. That way, if I’m using a power-hungry tool and need another tool working at the same location, two different circuits are available near each other without having to stretch an extension cord across the room. I put your air compressor on it’s own circuit because that is usually a power-hungry device and you don’t want it interrupting progress when you are in the middle of doing something.
On the lighting drawing, I show two junction boxes. You should probably use three. Circuit #8 for shop lights will have 4 cables going into that box. If you are using 12 gauge wire, that will require putting 4 wires into each wire nut. That is a lot. It will require the largest wire nuts (usually dark blue). That also takes a lot of room in the junction box and would require an extension ring. Code specifies what you can put in a box. But in all practicality, that gets to be a lot. It would be better to put two of those cables in one junction box and two in another junction box nearby with a jumper cable running between the boxes. Much easier that way. I can explain that better later if you don’t follow me.
Anywhere you have wires in a junction box, switch box or outlet box, you need to leave them long enough to work with comfortably. Code specifies that they extend 6” out past the front of the box. It is difficult to work with short wires.
If you want a wiring drawing for outlets and other equipment like the one I did for lighting, Just say so. I’ll make one up. But that can become a very “busy” and almost confusing drawing.
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