Mac,
I wanted to argue with you about the use of lock washers, but wisely decided not to. Apparently, I have been misinformed over my many years in the maintenance industry. A quick Google search brought me to
this website. click here Very informative. I need to study the rest of it. The 2 videos on the linked page are very interesting.
Also, there are many types of lock washers. Maybe some are more effective than others.
Thanks for the eye-opening.
BTW, alwaysFlOoReD, structural steel does see a lot of vibration and movement. Of course it varies with the application. But almost everything around us vibrates. Buildings are continuously vibrating due to equipment and moving objects and people inside them, plus movements subjected from outside, such as a truck or train passing by. Tall buildings, especially are designed to allow a certain amount of movement and flexing due to wind loading. You can also find many videos of bridges and ships flexing wildly - some failing and others not. It's pretty cool when you think about it.